While the day's lawyer commemorates the birth of John B. Alberdi on August 29, 1810, I can not stop thinking, whenever it reaches that date, lawyer and teacher who taught me a way in the world of law which deal, not without great effort and certainly many deviations and errors , not to depart: Carlos S. Nino. 
When referring to volatile variables like stock prices or exchange rates, economists often appeal to Figure-l ugar common roller coaster. The income distribution numbers evoke, by limited changes over time, most boring activity: analyze the series of inequality, say the academics in this field, is to "watch the grass grow." In fact, Latin America, standings in inequality remains unchanged for decades. With one exception: Argentina.
"Our country has experienced a failure distributive like few places in the world," says economist Leonardo Gasparini, professor at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) and one of the foremost authorities on American academic America on inequality and poverty. "While Argentina was never a Scandinavian country on social issues, some of its social statistics were closer to European to Latin America," said Gasparini. "Today we become more like America America ", he explains," partly because in the last three decades Latin American distributional statistics have not changed much, and partly because Argentina have deteriorated. "
In numbers: the proportion of income gap between the 10% richest and the poorest 10% was about 16 in the sixties, 18 in the seventies, 22 in the eighties, mid 25 nineties, rose to over 40 in 2002 and now returned to the value of 25.
"In short, we're like 25 years ago," says Gasparini, who lives in Gonnet with his family, is over six feet and is extremely shy. Fitness fanatic this supporter managed to install on the UNLP the Center for Distributional, Labor and Social, which employs 30 economists and advanced students of the race. The CEDLAS became a regional reference in studies of inequality: the World Bank asked to monitor the distribution statistics for all of Latin America.
Gasparini had a childhood that any guy would envy: was spent hunting dinosaurs. His mother, a paleontologist specializing in plesiosaurs, it took her son to the explorations by Patagonia. Inclusive says proudly, there is a "gasparinisaurus."
"Inequality in Latin America comes from Jurassic times?
No, it's actually a much more recent phenomenon than many realize. Studies show that pre-Columbian American societies were more egalitarian than European at the same time. Serious distributional problems begin with the colony and are explained by the presence of two factors: concentration of a natural resource and a lot of people to be exploited in its removal. Soon formed societies polarized between rich European elites and masses of low-income workers, Indians and slaves. Interestingly, in the English colonies in North America and the English of the Río de la Plata and Costa Rica, which lacked mineral wealth and agricultural extraction and large population, more egalitarian societies were formed.
How is Argentina today in the distribution of income in relation to the rest of the region?
to 20 or 30 years ago, Argentina was in Uruguay, by far the most egalitarian country in Latin America. Since then the country that fell into this aspect. Is still among the five best distribution, but much closer to the average (which houses nations like Chile) and from Brazil, a country traditionally very uneven, but has improved dramatically in recent years.
"Latin America is the continent most unequal in the world?
always said that. Probably Asian and sub-Saharan Africa are uneven, but it is difficult to prove because the statistics are poor. But Latin America is clearly in the group of regions of high inequality.
Why in Argentina deteriorated further distribution?
There were several "earthquakes" in this matter. The first and most important were the macroeconomic crisis, high inflation, such as "hyper" in the late 80's and early 90's, or the fall of 2001-2002. These processes equal tragically destroyed. Another reason important are some market reforms and trade liberalization implemented primarily in the late 70's and 90's special, which involved a very sudden modernization of the economy, which sharply reduced demand for unskilled labor with effects on unemployment, poverty and inequality. And all within a very fragile social containment. Finally, a number of vicious circles. One of them is both school and neighborhood segregation. The rise of private schools and districts has further divided society: the divide-and particularly the middle-class flight to private schools-is a source of future inequality. The consolidation of groups trapped in situations of "poverty life ", with few incentives and expectations of progress, is another problem that feeds the inequality.
What happened to the distribution after the crisis of 2001-2002?
inequality had reached a high plateau in the late nineties, but the crisis surged to record levels in 2002, reaching a peak. When the economy stabilized and began to grow, inequality was reduced significantly, but not very different from that experienced by any economy stabilizes after a crisis macroeconomic deep. In fact, the fall in inequality between 2003 and 2006 is very similar to the drop between 1990 and 1993 after hyper. Since 2006 there is an additional reduction genuine and structural factors, but is slow. Moreover, the distributional gains are constantly threatened by the erosion of inflation, a factor inequality. The great commitment to reduce inequality significantly and is the Universal Child.
How did the intervention of the INDEC statistics on income distribution?
We had a kind of "blackout" in early 2007, when they were left to spread the numbers on the Permanent Household Survey (EPH), which are our basic input. Earlier this year, under pressure from organizations such as CELS and universities, the Government again to publish these statistics. Of course there were many doubts about the possible adulteration. So far, we have analyzed the record, with suspicion a priori. And the feeling is that we still have not been touched.
What is the scope of public policies is to improve the situation?
Most contemporary governments in Latin America took up the banner of improved income distribution, and this awareness is very good. For now, it's a trend that is more present in the discourse and less on the reality of the measures, but it is still a step forward. Brazil is taken by many as an example: Working with the stock market and other social initiatives achieved a significant mobility of the lower class to lower middle class and this middle class. In Argentina, the Heads of Plan 2002 was a turning point, although it is true that we had to reach a breaking point for move the political class.
Robert Reich, former U.S. secretary of labor. States, recently said the crisis in his country was not caused by the housing bubble, but by the growth of inequality.
In every society there is dispute between the permanent. If these bids are channeled into the market mechanisms or existing institutions fail to have consequences. If these bids are not channeled and overflow, triggered crisis. In Argentina, the great collapse of the late 80's or the great crisis of 2001/02 can be seen as bursts of a distributive struggle that failed prosecuted and ended in the first case in hyperinflation and the second in a megadevaluación.
Do more equal societies are happier?
Yes, definitely. The new economics of happiness suggests that people are happier living in more egalitarian societies. This means that fewer resources would accept to live with themselves, but in a society perceived as more fair.
Are the issues of inequality are well taught in the curriculum university?
are underrepresented in relation to the importance they are assuming in recent years. Textbooks for undergraduate courses in their definition of poverty, but are farther away. Along with Martin Cicowiez and Walter Sosa finished a textbook on this topic six months ago, but still did not get a publisher interested in publishing it. It is an arduous process.
is like watching grass grow.
Yes (laughs). Hopefully at some point become a rollercoaster.
Copyright Clarin, 2010.
to Charter of the City of Buenos Aires provides a quota of five per cent of the plant management to persons with disabilities. Fail to comply with this mandate-a fact that affects the collective rights to equality, employment, non-discrimination and integration, the Commission initiated a collective action against the Government under the City of Buenos Aires to incorporate only staff with special needs, whatever their status or legal framework, to fill the quota. The facts to note in this case are two: first that the claimant is not disabled but merely a citizen of the City of Buenos Aires decided to use the local authority that the Constitution gives all people of the City to power in defense of collective rights, discrimination, environment, work, among others, and, on the other, that the Justice recognized that the plaintiff is entitled to power, though not a particularly affected.
L
to City Charter Buenos Aires sets a quota of five per cent of the plant management to persons with disabilities. Given the failure of the quota system, which does not arise, as the government seeks to sustain, in the freezing of vacancies but the decision to hire the rest of the population, the Commission represented Mr. Fernando Kuzis in action initiated pursuant to the Government of the City of Buenos Aires will allow Mr Kuzis prove his fitness to hold office in public administration, which would exercise their right to work and integration, though unheeded rights of the numerous legal provisions issued in this regard. Today Mr. Kuzis provides services for the City of Buenos Aires, a fact that happened after being "forced" to resort to justice.
L
to Charter of the City of Buenos Aires provides a quota of five percent of the plant management for people with disabilities, forcing the State to adopt measures to meet the quota and, moreover, gives citizens the right to claim certain benefits. However, this legal guide is far from being fulfilled, a fact that led to Mr. Julio Marecos, a nurse who has a hearing disability, to appeal to the Commission, and initiate an action pursuant to the Government Buenos Aires City hired him to fill a position as a nurse in the Acute General Hospital. The application of Mr. Marecos was accepted by the Court of Appeals in Administrative and Tax Law, which ordered the GCBA "hire as an assistant to actor nursing units in the City, after assessing their suitability, pending call a public competition and (...) compliance with the quota established by law ... "
REDI 
"So, how to resolve in eight squares a particular segment ...
"Yes, depends on the format. Sometimes an entire album can be continued, or may be four or eight pages. This is essential when thinking about a character and a kind of story. The formal aspects incite the imagination. There are limits. The accepted thinking it's good to have a particular requirement.
- Does that help your imagination, meet standards?
"Always. With any kind of guidelines. I like the guidelines: delivery date, quantity line, gender, number of pages ...
- Is not it a burden?
"No, no. I think that for the neurosis of the writer is good to have a way to contain it. In my case, the format is the muse.
"But that does not happen with the novel, for there you have many pages as you like and as long as you want at your disposal.
"But there I have gender, fortunately, and will always contain gender. They are also a way of imposing guidelines. And I feel that novels also contain me psychologically. When I'm writing a novel, I'm concentrating on something. If not, I dispersed. I need to be always writing a novel, but then did not post.
- you never feel the urge to get out of the guides?
"But there are always guides. In general, the literature is less guidance which is more like herself. If one thinks, for example, in a category like police movies, movies do not look like much from them. Now, the avant-garde films always have similar features. Artistic films will all look good.
"For example, many young Argentine filmmakers make movies quite similar ...
"Therefore: when relinquishing the conventions and falls into the illusion that the conventions do not exist, go to a single story form, is not it, and extremely repetitive.
"That sounds contradictory. The first thing one tends to think that the convention is the same ...
"Sure, but a move with an awareness of the convention and can handle it. There must always be artificial, because that is art. Even in common conversation, when we have something, do it with artifice. I tell my wife something and find ways to interest. If you know something's going to surprise, I'm going to say at the end. There is a mise en scene. The devices are within the language. Not only grammar, but other conventions.
-O is: delete the devices is only an illusion.
-Yes, and always had great art not only conventions, but very distinct conventions. If you see a Greek tragedy, Elizabethan theater, notes that there is a certain amount of guidance. The same happens in poetry, the sonnet.
"Many young artists speak of the great art or the" cinema of quality "in an almost pejorative. Is it because I want to escape the conventions of happy endings, sad endings of just the end?
"Yes, and also to escape the parental world. Identify conventions Parental artistic world of the deposits, as opposed to real life. But then you will see that things are not working well. That world of the conventions requires an ability to move them.
Opening: August 26, 19hs. 
was doing in Central Park and free. After seeing the defeat of Argentina against Germany in a bar on the Upper West Side, went to get tickets. Arrives seconds after the exhaustion ... It was a very sad day ... Luckily there was sun ... 
Inequality is one of the main characteristics that define the history of Latin America and the Caribbean. A very high and persistent inequality, accompanied by low social mobility, have led the region to fall into a trap of inequality. " In a vicious cycle difficult to break. How can we stop this situation? What public policies can be designed to prevent further transmission of inequality from one generation to another? Why the political system and redistribution mechanisms have not been effective in reversing this pattern? This first Regional Human Development Report for Latin America and the Caribbean offers answers to these and other questions. The central message is that it is possible to reduce inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean. It is a fact that until the advent of the global economic crisis, a number of countries had achieved reductions in inequality due to the expansion of coverage of basic social services and a more progressive impact of social spending. This occurred in response to a consensus on the need to be more effective in fighting poverty. This report reaffirms the central importance of the fight against poverty, but suggests that it is necessary to go further: inequality per se is an obstacle to progress in human development and reduction should be explicitly incorporated into the public agenda.
Continue reading ...
Monday August 16 2010 Many agree patriotic call. The party scene was the House of Gardel, watching us from his portrait, squinting under the brim. A party with surprises, organized by the young anthropologist and musicologist Pablo Cirio, a passionate researcher and, therefore, intolerant, always ready to fight in defense of its sole and exclusive passion blacks in Argentina. I played once again participate in the presentation of a book from my late uncle, Nestor Ortiz Oderigo,
African Latitudes tango , written in 1988 and published by the University of Tres de Febrero, which since 2007 has been involved with the publication of the posthumous work of that other passionate Africanist anthropologist who was the brother of my mother.
Luckily, the night of 21 spent in peace and in the company. After the words of Professor Dina Picotti to which is owed the idea to publish this work vegetated unpublished in a drawer, and Pablo Cirio, which Oderigo Ortiz referred to as a visionary who "taught us to think of three", ie to consider white backgrounds, black and Aboriginal culture of Argentina-and, for that matter, had to face the incomprehension of his time, returned to tell the story of my uncle.
The sacred cry
In that sense, very modestly, the little party reminder of the House of Gardel (whose guitarist, Ricardo black, tried unsuccessfully to teach for free and play guitar in the Paris of the 60) sought to rectify an oversight inexcusable. Is a forgetting that our country must repair, not for being the only one guilty of an unworthy trade (a power as France slave trade was considerably more, and no longer hesitate to admit beating their chest), but to recognize itself once and for all. In remembrance of our first 200 years, the presence of a boat that chained men down would have meant, finally, acceptance of who we are.
